Glossary

is the proactive process of identifying and addressing risks related to products or components becoming outdated or unavailable. It involves monitoring the lifecycle of materials, planning for replacements, and ensuring continuity in supply to prevent disruptions in production or operations caused by obsolete parts or technologies

Obstruction involves actions by officials aimed at impeding investigations?such as threats against witnesses, tampering with evidence, or misuse of authority. UNCAC mandates criminalising measures that hamper criminal investigations into corruption or related offences.

The OECD Anti-Bribery Convention requires signatory countries to criminalize the bribery of foreign public officials. It is a legally binding international agreement focused on the supply-side of bribery, targeting companies and individuals offering bribes to foreign officials. The Convention aims to promote fair competition and establish a level playing field in international business transactions.

International convention to prevent bribery of foreign public officials.

Composite list of non-SDN sanctions programs such as SSI, FSE, NS-PLC, etc.

List targeting entities in Russia's energy, defense, and finance sectors.

Crypto address lists related to designated persons/entities.

UPI AutoPay directives?applied to recurring debit of up to ?100,000?must operate during non-peak windows (10?AM?1?PM and 5?PM?9:30?PM), with extra UPI PIN authentication to reduce congestive load and fraud risk.

The Convention requires jurisdictions to penalize illicit bookkeeping?off-the-books accounts, false invoices, or misrecorded expenses?often used to conceal bribes. Legal sanctions should target both accounting fraud and bribery, with harmonized criminal or civil penalties to deter corruption.

This offence covers acts done outside India that would be punishable under PMLA if committed within India. It includes transferring proceeds of crime into or out of India, recognizing the transnational nature of money laundering and enabling international cooperation.

An offer is a clear proposal made by one party to another, expressing the willingness to enter into a binding agreement under specific terms. It must be communicated effectively and show intent to create legal obligations if accepted. Once accepted, the offer forms the foundation of a legally enforceable contract between the involved parties.

The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is a division of the U.S. Treasury that enforces economic and trade sanctions in support of national security and foreign policy. It targets countries, organizations, and individuals involved in terrorism, drug trafficking, or other threats. OFAC manages sanctions lists and monitors financial transactions to ensure compliance with U.S. law.

Offset arrangements?such as community investments required under contracts?aren’t bribery if legally mandated and transparently documented. However, if they are used as disguises for bribery, they fall foul of Sections 1 and 6. Proper due diligence and transparency are critical to ensure compliance when undertaking offset obligations.

offshore refers to any location outside an individual's or entity’s home country, often used in financial and banking contexts. Offshore jurisdictions typically have regulatory environments that differ from those in the investor’s home country.

OFSI (Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation) is a UK government body within HM Treasury responsible for implementing and enforcing financial sanctions. OFSI ensures that individuals and organizations comply with UK sanctions laws by issuing guidance, processing licenses, and taking enforcement action against breaches.

Limitation on provision of services (drilling, maintenance) to oil companies in sanctioned states.

This compliance scheme under the 2015 Act allowed taxpayers to declare hidden foreign income/assets. Declarants paid 30% tax plus 100% penalty and were exempted from prosecution. This limited-period window encouraged voluntary compliance and helped trace undisclosed wealth overseas.

Continual monitoring of customers and transactions for suspicious behavior.

Egmont requires member FIUs to operate independently?free from direct political or operational interference?to apply objective analysis and decision-making in AML investigations. This autonomy ensures credibility, professionalism, and efficient cross-border cooperation.

Operational disruption refers to unexpected events or failures that interrupt normal business functions, often caused by system outages, cyberattacks, or process breakdowns during digital transformation. These disruptions can lead to financial loss, reduced productivity, and reputational damage. Managing this risk involves robust planning, resilient systems, and clear incident response strategies to maintain continuity.

Risk of faulty procedures, individuals, or systems, or external incidents.

Aligned with Basel standards, this guidance requires banks to implement integrated frameworks for cyber risk awareness, incident management, third-party vendor controls, business continuity planning, and scenario-based testing. It ensures robust operational resilience in India’s banking infrastructure.

RBI issued a guidance note aligning with Basel standards that outlines operational and cyber risk frameworks, resilience principles, and scenario planning for banking institutions. It emphasizes integrated governance, incident response, third-party risks, and continuity planning to strengthen financial infrastructure against disruptions.

OTR monitors the ratio of orders placed versus trades executed. If a member’s OTR exceeds 2,000 for three occurrences in 30 days, a cooling-off measure is enforced?blocking order placement for the first 15 minutes of the next trading day to prevent disruptive behavior.

Organizational culture refers to the shared values, beliefs, and behaviors that shape how members of an organization interact and work together. It influences decision-making, ethics, and performance. A strong culture can promote ethical behavior, while a weak or toxic culture may increase the risk of misconduct and financial crime.

Details of the sender in a financial transaction.

Open-source intelligence for screening and investigation enhancement.

ODI refers to investments made by Indian entities in foreign companies through equity shares, joint ventures, or wholly owned subsidiaries. FEMA regulates ODI under specific caps, reporting obligations, and approval processes to manage foreign exchange risk and ensure transparency. It is used by Indian businesses to expand globally while remaining compliant with RBI guidelines.

An owner-documented FFI is an FFI type that does minimal due diligence?collecting owner information directly from account holders without extensive third-party verification. It must report on a limited set of U.S. indicia and owner documentation, providing compliance relief for small or low-risk FFIs.

Not only are listed individuals sanctioned but also entities they own or control (typically ?50%).

Benamidar has no ownership rights under the Act despite being the registered holder. The real owner is liable, and property can be confiscated if found benami.